Barriers to Accessing Traditional Healer Travel Funding from Off-Reserve
Abstract
Since the 1990s, medical transportation funding has been available to First Nations people with official Indian
status for accessing traditional healers through Health Canada’s Non-Insured Health Benefits program.
However, for those living off-reserve in northeastern Ontario actually obtaining this funding is far more
challenging in practice than in policy. This article identifies health policy disjunctures that present themselves as
barriers to accessing Non-Insured Health Benefits travel funding from off-reserve to see traditional healers. My
article argues that hidden social, financial, religious and geographic barriers severely impede off-reserve access
to medical transportation funding that is used to access traditional healers. The purpose of my article is to make
visible these hidden barriers and to encourage a dialogue surrounding issues of off-reserve health inequality,
differential access and class-based access to the Non-Insured Health Benefits program. These findings are from
my study entitled “Accessing Traditional Healer Travel Funding: It’s Not “The Same for Everybody” (2012).
References
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada. Submission to the Commission on the Future of
Health Care in Canada. Commissioner: Roy J. Romanow, Q.C. 2001.
Badaracco, Jon et al. Report. Vermont Legislative Research Shop: The Vermont Eugenics Movement. Burlington: The University of Vermont, Retrieved February 13, 2001.
http://www.uvm.edu/~vlrs/doc/eugenics_abenaki.htm
Benton-Banai, Edward. The Mishomis Book: The Voice of the Ojibway. University of Minnesota Press, 1988.
Brunen, L. Aboriginal Women With Addictions: A Discussion Paper on Triple Marginalization in the Health Care System. Submitted to The Northern Secretariat of the BC Centre of
Excellence for Women's Health, April 2000. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Calloway, Colin G. The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.
Campbell, Marie. ―Research for Activism: Understanding Social Organization From Inside it,‖ in Sociology for Changing the World: Social Movements/Social Research, in Frampton C.
et al, ed., Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2006.
Campbell, Marie and Gregor. Mapping Social Relations: A Primer in Doing Institutional Ethnography. Toronto: AltaMira Press, 2004.
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. The Income Gap Between Aboriginal Peoples and the
Rest of Canada. Ottawa, 2010. Accessed December 21,
Canadian Council on Social Development. Stats & Facts. Before Tax Low-Income Cut-Offs
(LICOs), 2006. Retrieved May 7, 2009 http://www.ccsd.ca/factsheets/
economic_security/poverty/lico_06.htm
Canadian Medical Association Journal. Report. The Health of Aboriginal Peoples 2002. May 13, 2003.
Castellano Brant, Marlene, Archibald, Linda and DeGagne, Mike. From Truth to Reconciliation: Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing
Foundation, 2008.
DeVault, Marjorie and McCoy, Liza. ―Institutional Ethnography: Using Interviews to Investigate
Ruling Relations‖ in J.F. Gubrium and J.A. Holstein (eds.)
Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002.
Gagnon, Yvon. ―Physician Attitudes Toward Collaboration with Traditional Healers.‖ Native Studies Review. (5)(1), 1989, 175-186.
Gregory, David. ―Traditional Indian Healers in Northern Manitoba: An Emerging Relationship
with the Health Care System.‖ Native Studies Review. (5)(1), 1989, 163-174.
Gregory, David. ―An Exploration of the Contact Between Nurses and Indian Elders/Traditional Healers on Indian Reserves and Health Centres in Manitoba.‖ in D.E. Young, ed. Health Care Issues in the Canadian North (Edmonton: University of Alberta, Boreal Institute for
Northern Studies, 1988, p. 39-43.
Government of Canada. Indian Act. R.S., 1985, c. I-5, January 2002.
Haley, Lynn. ―Group Sets Sights on Aboriginal Health Promotion: BCMA also Eyes Bicycle
Safety and Drunk Driving for Health Promotion.‖ Medical Post. (39), July 1, 2003.
Health Canada. First Nations, Inuit & Aboriginal Health. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fniah-spnia/index-eng.php
Health Canada. Non-Insured Health Benefits (NIHB) Medical Transportation Policy Framework.
Section 8. Traditional Healer Services Travel Policy. Accessed January 2009.
Health Canada. Non-Insured Health Benefits Program Information Booklet. 2003. Accessed June
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fniah-spnia/pubs/nihb-ssna/2003_booklet_livret_info/
index-eng.php
Hill, Dawn-Martin. Traditional Medicine in Contemporary Contexts: Protecting and Respecting
Indigenous Knowledge and Medicine. Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization.
March 2003.
Indian and Northern Affairs – Canada. 2007. Aboriginal Demography: Population, Household
and Family Projections, 2001-2026. Retrieved May 8, 2009. http://www.ainc-
inac.gc.ca/ai/rs/pubs/re/abd/abd-eng.pdf
Johnston, Basil. Indian School Days. Toronto: Key Porter Books, Inc., 1988.
Kasse, Cynthia. ―Identity, Recovery and Religious Imperialism: Native American Women and
the New Age. Women & Therapy. 1995 (16)(2), 83-93.
Kelly, Fred. ―Confessions of a Born Again Pagan,‖ in Castellano Brant, Marlene, Archibald,
Linda and DeGagne, Mike, in From Truth to Reconciliation: Transforming the Legacy of
Residential Schools. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Ottawa, 2008.
Letendre, A.D. Aboriginal Traditional Medicine: Where Does It Fit? Faculty of Nursing -
University of Alberta, Crossing Boundaries, An Interdisciplinary Journal, Spring 2002
(1), (2), 79-82.
Maar, Marion, Mariette Sutherland, Lorrilee McGregor, Kathi Wilson and Tricia Larose. 2007.
Community-Based Aboriginal Mental Health Care: The Mnaamodzawin Noojmowin Teg
Model of Shared Care Results of the Mental Health Services Study. Unpublished Report
for Mnaamodzawin Services Inc. and Noojmowin Teg, Little Current, ON, 2007.
Manitowabi, Darrel. Assessing the Institutionalization of Traditional Aboriginal Medicine.
Report prepared for Noojmowin Teg Health Centre, Little Current, ON, 2009.
http://noojmowin-teg.ca/UserFiles/File/Noojmowin%20Teg%20Traditional%20Medicine
%20Program%20Research%20Final%20Report%20July%2016%202009.pdf
Miller, J.R. Shingwauk’s Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools. Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 1996.
Mykhalovskiy, Eric and Smith, George. Hooking up to Social Services: A Report on the Barriers
People Living with HIV/AIDS Face Accessing Social Services. Toronto: Ontario
Institution for Studies in Education, March 1994.
Ng, Roxanna. The Politics of Community Services: Immigrant Women, Class and State. (2
Ed). Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1996.
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. Northern Health Travel Grant Program.
Accessed February 9, 2011. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/publications/
ohip/northern.aspx
Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Appendix 3A: Traditional Health and
Healing, 1996. Retrieved January 28, 2009. http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ap/pubs/
sg/cg/cia3a-eng.pdf
Smith, Dorothy, E. ed. Institutional Ethnography as Practice. Toronto: Rowman and Littlefield
Publishers, Inc. 2006.
Smith, Dorothy. The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Boston:
Northeastern University Press, 1987.
Smith, Dorothy. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990.
Smith, Dorothy. Writing the Social: Critique, Theory and Investigations. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1999.
Smith, George W. ―Political Activist as Ethnographer‖. Social Problems (37)(4), November
, 629-648; also in Sociology for Changing the World: Social Movements/Social
Research, in Frampton C. et al, ed., Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2006.
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New
York: Zed Books, Ltd, 1999.
Spielmann, Roger. Anishnaabe World: A Survival Guide for Building Bridges between Canada
and First Nations. Sudbury, Ontario: Your Scrivener Press, 2009.
Statistics Canada. 2006 Census.
Statistics Canada. 2006 Profile of Aboriginal Children, Youth and Adults, Registered off-reserve
Indians, Ontario. Retrieved May 9, 2009. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/censusrecensement/2006/dp-pd/89-635/P4.cfm?Lang=eng&age=3&ident_id=7&B1=0
&geocode1=041&geocode2=000
Statistics Canada. Aboriginal People in Canada in 2006: Inuit, Metis and First Nations, 2006
Census: First Nations People. ―Fewer First Nations People Live on Reserve than off
Reserve.‖ Retrieved January 10, 2009. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/
analysis/aboriginal/fewer.cf
Thrasher, Michael. Turtle Clan. Traditional Aboriginal Learnings. 2001-2011.
Union of Ontario Indians. UOI Communique. April 26, 2010.
United Nations. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Resolution
/295. Geneva, September 13, 2007.
Waldram, James B. ―Access to Traditional Medicine in a Western Canadian City.‖ Medical
Anthropology. (12), 1990, 325-348.
Wilkinson, Richard and Marmot, Michael ed. Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts,
nd ed. World Health Organization, International Centre for Health and Society, 2003.
Wilson, David and MacDonald, David. The Income Gap Between Aboriginal Peoples and the
Rest of Canada. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. April 2010.
Zubek, Elizabeth, MD. ―Traditional Native Healing: Alternative or Adjunct to Modern
Medicine?‖ Canadian Family Physician. (40) November 1994, 1923-1931.